All About Sockets |
This section shows you how to write a server and the client that goes with it. The server in the client/server pair serves up Knock Knock jokes. Knock Knock jokes are favored by children and are usually vehicles for bad puns. They go like this:Server: "Knock knock!"
Client: "Who's there?"
Server: "Dexter."
Client: "Dexter who?"
Server: "Dexter halls with boughs of holly."
Client: "Groan."The example consists of two independently running Java programs: the client program and the server program. The client program is implemented by a single class,
KnockKnockClient
, and is very similar to the EchoClient example from the previous section. The server program is implemented by two classes:KnockKnockServer
andKnockKnockProtocol
,KnockKnockServer
contains themain
method for the server program and performs the work of listening to the port, establishing connections, and reading from and writing to the socket.KnockKnockProtocol
serves up the jokes. It keeps track of the current joke, the current state (sent knock knock, sent clue, and so on), and returns the various text pieces of the joke depending on the current state. This object implements the protocol-the language that the client and server have agreed to use to communicate.The following section looks in detail at each class in both the client and the server and then shows you how to run them.
The Knock Knock Server
This section walks through the code that implements the Knock Knock server program. Here is the complete source for theKnockKnockServer
class.The server program begins by creating a new
ServerSocket
object to listen on a specific port (see the statement in bold in the following code segment). When writing a server, choose a port that is not already dedicated to some other service.KnockKnockServer
listens on port 4444 because 4 happens to be my favorite number and port 4444 is not being used for anything else in my environment:try { serverSocket = new ServerSocket(4444); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Could not listen on port: 4444"); System.exit(-1); }ServerSocket
is ajava.net
class that provides a system-independent implementation of the server side of a client/server socket connection. The constructor forServerSocket
throws an exception if it can't listen on the specified port (for example, the port is already being used). In this case, theKnockKnockServer
has no choice but to exit.If the server successfully connects to its port, then the
ServerSocket
object is successfully created and the server continues to the next step--accepting a connection from a client (shown in bold):TheSocket clientSocket = null; try { clientSocket = serverSocket.accept(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Accept failed: 4444"); System.exit(-1); }accept
method waits until a client starts up and requests a connection on the host and port of this server (in this example, the server is running on the hypothetical machine taranis on port 4444). When a connection is requested and successfully established, the accept method returns a newSocket
object which is bound to a new port. The server can communicate with the client over this newSocket
and continue to listen for client connection requests on theServerSocket
bound to the original, predetermined port. This particular version of the program doesn't listen for more client connection requests. However, a modified version of the program is provided in Supporting Multiple Clients.After the server successfully establishes a connection with a client, it communicates with the client using this code:
This code:PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter( clientSocket.getOutputStream(), true); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( new BufferedOutputStream( clientSocket.getInputStream())), String inputLine, outputLine; // initiate conversation with client KnockKnockProtocol kkp = new KnockKnockProtocol(); outputLine = kkp.processInput(null); out.println(outputLine); while ((inputLine - in.readLine()) != null) { outputLine = kkp.processInput(inputLine); out.println(outputLine); if outputLine.equals("Bye.")) break; }Step 1 is already familiar. Step 2 is shown in bold and is worth a few comments. The bold statements in the code segment above initiate the conversation with the client. The code creates a
- Gets the socket's input and output stream and opens readers and writers on them.
- Initiates communication with the client by writing to the socket (shown in bold).
- Communicates with the client by reading from and writing to the socket (the
while
loop).KnockKnockProtocol
object-the object that keeps track of the current joke, the current state within the joke, and so on.After the
KnockKnockProtocol
is created, the code callsKnockKnockProtocol
'sprocessInput
method to get the first message that the server sends to the client. For this example, the first thing that the server says is "Knock! Knock!" Next, the server writes the information to thePrintWriter
connected to the client socket, thereby sending the message to the client.Step 3 is encoded in the
while
loop. As long as the client and server still have something to say to each other, the server reads from and writes to the socket, sending messages back and forth between the client and the server.The server initiated the conversation with a "Knock! Knock!" so afterwards the server must wait for the client to say "Who's there?" As a result, the while loop iterates on a read from the input stream. The readLine method waits until the client responds by writing something to its output stream (the server's input stream). When the client responds, the server passes the client's response to the
KnockKnockProtocol
object and asks theKnockKnockProtocol
object for a suitable reply. The server immediately sends the reply to the client via the output stream connected to the socket, using a call to println. If the server's response generated from theKnockKnockServer
object is "Bye." this indicates that the client doesn't want any more jokes and the loop quits.The
KnockKnockServer
class is a well-behaved server, so the last several lines of this section ofKnockKnockServer
clean up by closing all of the input and output streams, the client socket, and the server socket:out.close(); in.close(); clientSocket.close(); serverSocket.close();The Knock Knock Protocol
TheKnockKnockProtocol
class implements the protocol that the client and server use to communicate. This class keeps track of where the client and the server are in their conversation and serves up the server's response to the client's statements. TheKnockKnockServer
object contains the text of all the jokes and makes sure that the client gives the proper response to the server's statements. It wouldn't do to have the client say "Dexter who?" when the server says "Knock! Knock!"All client/server pairs must have some protocol by which they speak to each other; otherwise, the data that passes back and forth would be meaningless. The protocol that your own clients and servers use depends entirely on the communication required by them to accomplish the task.
The Knock Knock Client
TheKnockKnockClient
class implements the client program that speaks to theKnockKnockServer
.KnockKnockClient
is based on theEchoClient
program in the previous section, Reading from and Writing to a Socket and should be somewhat familiar to you. But we'll go over the program anyway and look at what's happening in the client in the context of what's going on in the server.When you start the client program, the server should already be running and listening to the port, waiting for a client to request a connection. So, the first thing the client program does is to open a socket that is connected to the server running on the hostname and port specified:
When creating its socket,kkSocket = new Socket("taranis", 4444); out = new PrintWriter(kkSocket.getOutputStream(), true); in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( kkSocket.getInputStream()));KnockKnockClient
uses the host nametaranis
, the name of a hypothetical machine on our network. When you type in and run this program, change the host name to the name of a machine on your network. This is the machine on which you will run theKnockKnockServer
.The
KnockKnockClient
program also specifies the port number 4444 when creating its socket. This is a remote port number--the number of a port on the server machine--and is the port to whichKnockKnockServer
is listening. The client's socket is bound to any available local port--a port on the client machine. Remember that the server gets a new socket as well. That socket is bound to a local port number (not port 4444) on its machine. The server's socket and the client's socket are connected.Next comes the while loop that implements the communication between the client and the server. The server speaks first, so the client must listen first. The client does this by reading from the input stream attached to the socket. If the server does speak, it says "Bye." and the client exits the loop. Otherwise, the client displays the text to the standard output and then reads the response from the user, who types into the standard input. After the user types a carriage return, the client sends the text to the server through the output stream attached to the socket.
The communication ends when the server asks if the client wishes to hear another joke, the client says no, and the server says "Bye."while ((fromServer = in.readLine()) != null) { System.out.println("Server: " + fromServer); if (fromServer.equals("Bye.")) break; fromUser = stdIn.readLine(); if (fromUser != null) { System.out.println("Client: " + fromUser); out.println(fromUser); } }In the interest of good housekeeping, the client closes its input and output streams and the socket:
out.close(); in.close(); stdIn.close(); kkSocket.close();Running the Programs
You must start the server program first. To do this, run the server program using the Java interpreter, just as you would any other Java application. Remember to run the server on the machine that the client program specifies when it creates the socket.Next, run the client program. Note that you can run the client on any machine on your network; it does not have to run on the same machine as the server.
If you are too quick, you might start the client before the server has a chance to initialize itself and begin listening on the port. If this happens, you will see a stack trace from the client. If this happens, just restart the client.
If you forget to change the host name in the source code for the
KnockKnockClient
program, you will see the following error message:To fix this, modify theDon't know about host: taranisKnockKnockClient
program and provide a valid host name for your network. Recompile the client program and try again.If you try to start a second client while the first client is connected to the server, the second client just hangs. The next section, Supporting Multiple Clients, talks about supporting multiple clients.
When you successfully get a connection between the client and server, you will see the following text displayed on your screen:
Now, you must respond with:Server: Knock! Knock!The client echoes what you type and sends the text to the server. The server responds with the first line of one of the many Knock Knock jokes in its repertoire. Now your screen should contain this (the text you typed is in bold):Who's there?Now, you respond with:Server: Knock! Knock! Who's there? Client: Who's there? Server: TurnipAgain, the client echoes what you type and sends the text to the server. The server responds with the punch line. Now your screen should contain this:Turnip who?"If you want to hear another joke, type y; if not, type n. If you type y, the server begins again with "Knock! Knock!" If you type n, the server says "Bye." thus causing both the client and the server to exit.Server: Knock! Knock! Who's there? Client: Who's there? Server: Turnip Turnip who? Client: Turnip who? Server: Turnip the heat, it's cold in here! Want another? (y/n)If at any point you make a typing mistake, the
KnockKnockServer
object catches it and the server responds with a message similar to this:The server then starts the joke over again:Server: You're supposed to say "Who's there?"!Note that theServer: Try again. Knock! Knock!KnockKnockProtocol
object is particular about spelling and punctuation but not about capitalization.Supporting Multiple Clients
To keep theKnockKnockServer
example simple, we designed it to listen for and handle a single connection request. However, multiple client requests can come into the same port and, consequently, into the sameServerSocket
. Client connection requests are queued at the port, so the server must accept the connections sequentially. However, the server can service them simultaneously through the use of threads - one thread per each client connection.The basic flow of logic in such a server is this:
The thread reads from and writes to the client connection as necessary.while (true) { accept a connection ; create a thread to deal with the client ; end while
Try This: Modify theKnockKnockServer
so that it can service multiple clients at the same time. Two classes compose our solution:KKMultiServer
andKKMultiServerThread
KKMultiServer
loops forever, listening for client connection requests on aServerSocket
. When a request comes in,KKMultiServer
accepts the connection, creates a newKKMultiServerThread
object to process it, hands it the socket returned from accept, and starts the thread. Then the server goes back to listening for connection requests. TheKKMultiServerThread
object communicates to the client by reading from and writing to the socket. Run the new Knock Knock server and then run several clients in succession.
All About Sockets |